As power systems transition toward renewable energy, inverter-based resources (IBRs) like wind and solar are replacing conventional synchronous generators (SGs) [1]. While this shift supports sustainability, it also introduces new challenges in frequency regulation since IBRs lack the natural inertia that stabilizes the grid during disturbances [2]. To ensure a stable and resilient power grid, IBRs must play an active role in frequency support in future networks.
Achieving this goal depends on two key drivers: technological innovation and economic and regulatory incentives. On the technical side, advancements such as grid-forming inverters, inertia emulation and fast frequency response (FFR) strategies are essential for equipping IBRs with the capability to provide reliable frequency support. Additionally, wide-area monitoring, protection, and control (WAMPAC) enables real-time coordination, further enhancing grid stability. However, realizing the full potential of these technologies requires addressing the regulatory overhang and establishing incentive mechanisms that encourage IBR participation in frequency regulation.
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