Smart actuators have become central to advancing humanoid robots, bringing essential features such as efficiency, precision, compactness, compliance, and intrinsic safety. Achieving human-like movements requires actuators that meet these criteria and address unique challenges such as stringent thermal management, high accuracy, and fast responsiveness. Unlike industrial automation systems, humanoid robots operate in highly dynamic environments. They must coordinate many joints, maintain balance, and interact safely with humans in unstructured spaces. Particularly challenging is hand dexterity, where miniaturizing motor drives are critical for achieving fine manipulation. These requirements place high demands on intelligent actuators in humanoid robots. Advances in drive and sensor technology enable safe motor control solutions across a wide range of motion and drive scenarios, achieving further progress in the field of robotics.
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