With the increasing global demand for renewable energy, solar power has emerged as a cornerstone technology in the transformation of modern energy structures owing to its renewable nature and widespread availability [1]. However, the inherent characteristics of solar panels, such as low and unstable voltage outputs, limit their direct integration into high-voltage systems. To effectively connect solar power systems with downstream devices, such as grid-tied inverters or energy storage systems, high step-up dc–dc converters have become indispensable in solar power applications [2], [3], [4].
Furthermore, high step-up converters find extensive applications in electric vehicles, energy storage systems, and medical equipment, where high-voltage operation is essential. These converters enable stable and efficient voltage conversion, with their high efficiency and high voltage gain capabilities facilitating the maximization of the energy utilization efficiency, as shown in Figure 1.
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