![Previous Officers](https://www.ieee-pels.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/Previous-Officers.jpg)
Previous Officers
Below are all of the volunteers who have held positions within the PELS up to the year 2023:
AdCom Officers
Position | Years: Name (Affiliation) |
President | 2023: Brad Lehman (Northeastern Univ.) 2021-2022: Liuchen Chang (Univ. of New Brunswick) 2019-2020: Frede Blaabjerg (Aalborg Univ.) 2017-2018: Alan Mantooth (Univ. of Arkansas) 2015-2016: Braham Ferreira (Delft Univ. of Tech.) 2013-2014: Dong Tan (Northrop Grumman Aerospace Systems) 2011-2012: Dushan Boroyevich (Virginia Tech) |
VP – Technical Operations | 2021-2023: Pat Wheeler (Univ. of Nottingham) 2017-2020: Yan-Fei Liu (Queen’s Univ.) 2013-2016: Alan Mantooth (Univ. of Arkansas) 2011-2012: Dong Tan (Northrop Grumman Aerospace Systems) |
VP – Conferences* | 2021-2023: Jian Sun (Renssalaer Polytechnic Inst.) 2017-2020: Liuchen Chng (Univ. of New Brunswick) 2015-2016: Mario Pacas (Univ. of Siegen) 2011-2014: Braham Ferreira (Delft Univ. of Tech.) |
VP – Global Relations** | 2017-2023: Mario Pacas (Universitat Siegen) 2015-2016: Don Tan (Northrop Grumman Aerospace Systems) |
VP – Membership | 2022-2023: Mark Dehong Xu (Zhejiang Univ.) 2015-2021: Jinjun Liu (Xi’an Jiaotong Univ.) |
VP – Products | 2023: Yunwei (Ryan) Li (Univ. of Alberta) 2019-2022: Brad Lehman (Northeastern Univ.) 2015-2018: Frede Blaabjerg (Aalborg Univ.) 2013-2014: Prasad Enjeti (Texas A&M Univ.) 2011-2012: John Shen (Univ. of Central Florida) |
VP – Standards** | 2021-2023: Johan Enslin (Clemson Univ.) 2015-2020: Peter Wilson (Univ. of Bath) 2013-2014: Peter Wilson (Univ. of Southhampton) 2011-2012: Alan Mantooth (Univ. of Arkansas) |
Treasurer | 2021-2023: Alireza Khaligh (Univ. of Maryland) 2013-2020: Jian Sun (Renssalaer Polytechnic Inst.) 2011-2012: Ronald Harley (Georgia Tech) |
Senior Past President | 2023: Frede Blaabjerg (Aalborg Univ.) 2021-2022: Alan Mantooth (Univ. of Arkansas) 2019-2020: Braham Ferreira (Delft Univ. of Tech.) 2017-2018: Don Tan (Northrop Grumman Aerospace Systems) 2015-2016: Dushan Boroyevich (Virginia Tech) 2013-2014: Deepak Divan (Georgia Tech) 2011-2012: Hiro Akagi (Tokyo Inst. of Tech.) |
Immediate Past President | 2023: Liuchen Chang (Univ. of New Brunswick) 2021-2022: Frede Blaabjerg (Aalborg Univ.) 2019-2020: Alan Mantooth (Univ. of Arkansas) 2017-2018: Braham Ferreira (Delft Univ. of Tech.) 2015-2016: Don Tan (Northrop Grumman Aerospace Systems) 2013-2014: Dushan Boroyevich (Virginia Tech) 2011-2012: Deepak Divan (Georgia Tech) |
Division II Director | 2023: Kevin L. Peterson 2019-2022: David B. Durocher (Eaton Corp.) 2017-2018: Don Tan (Northrop Grumman Aerospace Systems) 2015-2016: Hiro Akagi (Tokyo Inst. of Tech.) 2013-2014: Jerry Hudgins (Univ. of Nebraska Lincoln) 2011-2012: J. Keith Nelson (Rensselaer Polytechnic Inst.) |
Members at Large
Years | Name (Affiliation) |
2021 – 2023 |
Noriko Kawakami (Toshiba Mitsubishi-Electric Industrial Systems Corp., Japan) Yan-Fei Liu (Queen’s Univ., Canada) Yunwei (Ryan) Li (Univ. of Alberta, Canada) Pedro Rodriguez (Univ. Loyola Andalusia, Spain) Jennifer Vining (Univ. of Washington, USA) Navid R. Zargari (Rockwell Automation, Canada) |
2020 – 2022 |
Christina DiMarino (Virginia Tech, USA) Marco Liserre (Kiel Univ., Germany) Sudip K. Mazumder (Univ. of Illinois Chicago, USA) Brendan McGrath (RMIT Univ., Australia) Xiongfei Wang (Aalborg Univ.) Mark Dehong Xu (Zhejiang Univ., China) |
2019 – 2021 |
Vladimir Blasko Antonio Cardoso (Univ. of Beira Interior, Portugal) Udaya K. Madawala (Univ. of Auckland, New Zealand) Axel Mertens (Universitat Hannover, Germany) Maryam Saeedifard (Georgia Tech, USA) Shinzo Tamai (Toshiba Mitsubishi-Electric Industrial Systems Corp., Japan) |
2018 – 2020 |
Johan Enslin (Clemson Univ., USA) Noriko Kawakami (Toshiba Mitsubishi-Electric Industrial Systems Corp., Japan) Brad Lehman (Northeastern Univ., USA) Helen Li (Florida State Univ., USA) Marco Rivera (Univ. of Talca, Chile) Pradeep Shenoy (Texas Instruments, USA) |
2017 – 2019 |
Sibylle Dieckerhoff (Leistungselektronik an der Technischen Universitat Berlin, Germany) Dan Kinzer (Navitas Semiconductor, USA) Marco Liserre (Christian-Albrechts-Universitat zu Kiel, Germany) Annette Mutze (Graz Univ. of Tech., Austria) Joao Pinto (Univ. Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil) Mark Dehong Xu (Zhejiang Univ., China) |
2016 – 2018 |
Liuchen Chang (Univ. of New Brunswick, Canada) William Gerard Hurley (Natl. Univ. of Ireland, Ireland) Katherine A. Kim (Ulsan Natl. Inst. of Sci. and Tech., South Korea) Ernie Parker (Crane Aerospace and Electronics, USA) Grant Pitel (Magna Power Electronics, USA) Seung-Ki Sul (Seoul Natl. Univ., South Korea) |
2015 – 2017 |
Robert Balog (Texas A&M Univ. of Qatar, USA) Johan Enslin (Univ. of North Carolina Charlotte, USA) Helen Li (Florida State Univ., USA) William A. Peterson (E&M Power, USA) Pradeep Shenoy (Texas Instruments, USA) Shinzo Tamai (Toshiba Mitsubishi, Japan) |
2014 – 2016 |
Vladimir Blasko (United Technologies Research Center, USA) Silva Hiti (General Motors, USA) Dan Kinzer (Navitas Semiconductor, USA) Mario Pacas (Univ. of Siegen, Germany) Pat Wheeler (Univ. of Nottingham, UK) Zhengming Zhao (Tsinghua Univ., China) |
2013 – 2015 |
Frede Blaabjerg (Aalborg Univ., Denmark) Bob Guenther (NWL, USA) Paolo Mattavelli (Virginia Tech, USA) Joao Pinto (Federal Univ. of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil) Maryam Saeedifard (Purdue Univ., USA) John Shen (Illinois Inst. of Tech., USA) |
2012 – 2014 |
Jose Cobos (Univ. Politecnica de Madrid, Spain) Annette Muetze (Graz Univ. of Tech., Austria) Ira Pitel (Magna Power Electronics, USA) Toshihisa Shimizu (, Japan) Peter Steimer (ABB Ltd., Switzerland) Jian Sun (Rensselar Polytechnic Inst., USA) |
2011 – 2013 |
Ralph M. Kennell (Technische Universitaet Muenchen, Germany) Hui Li (Florida A&M Univ., USA) Mario Pacas (Univ. of Siegen, Germany) William A. Peterson (E&M Power, USA) Seth R. Sanders (Univ. of California Berkeley, USA) Pat Wheeler (Univ. of Nottingham, USA) |
2010 – 2012 |
Beatriz Borges (Instituto De Telecommunicatoes, Portugal) Prasad N. Enjeti (Texas A&M Univ., USA) Donald Grahame Holmes (Monash Univ., Australia) Atsuo Kawamura (Yokohama National Univ., Japan) Jonathan W. Kimball (Missouri S&T Univ., USA) Leon Tolbert (Univ. of Tennessee, USA) |
Technical Committee (TC) Chairs
TC Name | Years: Name (Affiliation) |
TC 1: Control and Modeling of Power Electronics* | 2023: Luca Corradini (Univ. of Padova) 2021-2022: Al-Thaddeus Avestruz (Univ. of Michigan Ann Arbor) 2017-2020: Rolando Burgos (Virginia Tech) 2015-2016: Yan-Fei Liu (Queen’s Univ.) 2013-2014: Yan-Fei Liu (Queen’s Univ.); Rolando Burgos 2011-2012: Jian Sun (Rensselar Polytechnic Inst.); Gerard Capolino (Univ. of Picardi) |
TC 2: Power Components, Integration, and Power ICs* | 2023: Christina DiMarino (Virginia Tech) 2019-2022: Hanh-Phuc Le (Univ. of California San Diego) 2017-2018: Robert Pilawa-Podgurski (Univ. of Illinois) 2015-2016: Seth Sanders (Univ. of California Berkeley) 2013-2014: Seth Sanders (Univ. of California Berkeley); Dragan Maksimovic (Univ. of Colorado ) 2011-2012: Yan-Fei Liu (Queen’s Univ.); Burak Ozpineci (Univ. of Tennessee); Dragan Maksimovic (Univ. of Colorado) |
TC 3: Electrical Machines, Drives, and Automation* | 2023: Ali Bazzi (Univ. of Connecticut) 2021-2022: Antonio J. M. Cardoso (Univ. of Beira Interior) 2015-2020: Uday Deshpande (Ingersoll Rand) 2011-2014: Brian Welchko |
TC 4: Electrical Transportation Systems* | 2021-2023: Mahesh Krishnamurthy (Illinois Inst. of Tech.) 2017-2020: Alireza Khaligh (Univ. of Maryland) 2015-2016: Anand Sathyan (Chrysler Group, LLC) 2013-2014: Anand Sathyan (Chrysler Group, LLC); Alireza Khaligh (Univ. of Maryland – College Park) 2011-2012: Ali Emadi (Illinois Inst. of Tech.) |
TC 5: Sustainable Energy Systems | 2021-2023: Juan Balda (Univ. of Arkansas) 2015-2020: Sudip Mazumder (Univ. of Illinois) 2011-2014: Liuchen Chang (Univ. of New Brunswick); Rik de Doncker (Aachen Univ.) |
TC 6: Emerging Power Electronic Technologies* | 2023: Khurram Khan Afridi (Cornell Univ.) 2021-2022: Robert Pilawa-Podgurski (Univ. of California Berkeley) 2019-2020: Jin Wang (Ohio State Univ.) 2017-2018: Yaow-Ming Chen (Natl. Taiwan Univ.) 2015-2016: Peter Liang (Natl. Cheng Kung Univ.) 2011-2014: Henry Chung (City Univ. of Hong Kong); Brad Lehman (Northeastern Univ.) |
TC 7: Critical Power and Energy Storage Systems* | 2023: Dorin Neacsu (Tech. Univ. of Iasi) 2021-2022: Brian Zahnstecher (PowerRox) 2017-2020: Keiichi Hirose (NTT Facilities) 2011-2016: John Hawkins (Telepower Australia Pty Ltd.) |
TC 8: Electronic Power Grid Systems | 2021-2023: Marco Liserre (Kiel Univ.) |
TC 9: Wireless Power Transfer Systems | 2023: Grant Covic (Univ. of Auckland) 2021-2022: Chris Mi (San Diego State Univ.) |
TC 10: Design Methodologies | 2021-2023: Kevin Hermanns (PE-Systems GmbH) |
TC 11: Aerospace Power | 2023: Tao Yang (Univ. of Nottingham) 2021-2022: Jin Wang (Ohio State Univ.) |
TC 12: EnergyAccess and Off-Grid Systems | 2023: Issa Batarseh (Univ. of Central Florida) 2021-2022: Deepak Divan (Georgia Tech) |
Committee Chairs
Position | Years: Name (Affiliation) |
Academic Affairs Chair | 2021-2023: Qiang Li (Virginia Tech) 2017-2020: Jin Wang (Ohio State Univ.) 2013-2016: Chris Mi (Univ. of Michigan) 2011-2012: Jason Lai (Virginia Tech) |
Awards Committee Chair | 2013-2023: Andreas Lindemann (Universitaet Magdeburg) 2011-2012: Fang Zheng Peng (Michigan State Univ.) |
Chapter and Membership Chair* | 2021-2023: Mark Dehong Xu (Zhejiang Univ.) 2017-2020: Jinjun Liu (Xi’an Jiaotong Univ.) 2011-2016 (Chapter): Vladimir Katic (Univ. of Novi Sad) 2013-2014 (Membership): Zhengming Zhao 2011-2012 (Membership): Leon Tolbert (Univ. of Tennessee) 2013-2014 (Membership, Co-Chair): Robert Balog (Univ. of Tennessee) |
Constitution and Bylaws | 2021-2023: Katherine Kim (Natl. Taiwan Univ.) 2015-2020: Pat Wheeler (Univ. of Nottingham) 2013-2014: Mario Pacas 2011-2012: D. Grahame Holmes (RMIT Univ.) |
Digital Media / Education** | 2021-2023: Prasad N. Enjeti (Texas A&M Univ.) 2015-2020 (Digital Media): Prasad N. Enjeti (Texas A&M Univ.) 2013-2014 (Digital Media): Burak Ozpineci 2011-2012 (Digital Media): Prasad N. Enjeti (Texas A&M Univ.) 2017-2020 (Education): Issa Batarseh (Univ. of Central Florida) 2011-2016 (Education): Jonathan W. Kimball (Missouri S&T Univ.) 2017-2020 (Education, Co-Chair): Maryam Saeedifard (Georgia Tech) |
Distinguished Lecturer (DL) Program | 2013-2023: John Shen (Illinois Inst. of Tech.) 2011-2012: Alejandro Domingo-Garcia (Univ. of Illinois) |
ECCE Global Steering Committee Chair | 2015-2023: Grahame Holmes (Royal Melbourne Inst. of Tech.) 2011-2014: Ralph M. Kennel (Technische Universitaet Muenchen) |
Fellow Evaluations Chair | 2023: Leila Parsa (UC Santa Cruz) 2021-2022: Leon Tolbert (Univ. of Tennessee Knoxville) 2019-2020: D. Grahame Holmes (Royal Melbourne Inst. of Tech.) 2017-2018: Robert Guenther (NWL) 2015-2016: Dushan Boroyevich (Virginia Tech) 2013-2014: William Gerard Hurley (Natl. Univ. of Ireland) 2011-2012: Jerry Hudgins (Univ. of Nebraska) |
GOLD Membership Chair | 2011-2012: Robert Balog (Texas A&M Univ.) |
History | 2023: Dean Patterson (Regal Beloit Asia Pacific) 2017-2022: W. G. Hurley (Natl. Univ. of Ireland Galway) 2011-2016: Philip Krein (Univ. of Illinois) |
Industry Committee Chair (Formerly Industry Advisory Board) | 2023: Stephanie Watts Butler (WattsButler, LLC) 2021-2022: Pradeep Shenoy (Texas Instruments) 2019-2020: Ira Pitel (Magna Power) 2011-2018: William A. Peterson (E&M Power) |
Long Range Planning Committee Chair | 2023: Frede Blaabjerg (Aalborg Univ.) 2021-2022: Alan Mantooth (Univ. of Arkansas) 2019-2020: Braham Ferreira (Delft Univ. of Tech.) 2017-2018: Don Tan (Northrop Grumman Aerospace Systems) 2015-2016: Dushan Boroyevich (Viriginia Tech) |
Mentorship Chair | 2023: Robert Balog (Texas A&M Univ.) |
Nominations Committee Chair | 2023: Liuchen Chang (Univ. of New Brunswick) 2019-2022: Alan Mantooth (Univ. of Arkansas) 2017-2020: Braham Ferreira (Delft Univ. of Tech.) 2013-2016: Dushan Boroyevich (Virginia Tech) 2011-2012 (Co-Chair): Dean Patterson |
Publicity | 2023: Helen Cui (Univ. of Tennessee – Knoxville) 2013-2022: Alireza Khaligh (Univ. of Maryland) 2011-2012: Regan Zane (Univ. of Colorado) |
SPEC Steering Committee Chair | 2015-2018: Braham Ferreira (Delft Univ. of Tech.) |
Student Membership Chair | 2023: Haifah Sambo (UC Berkeley) 2021-2022: Indhumathi Gunasekaran (Accenture) 2019-2020: Luiz Barreto (Universidade Federal do Ceara) 2017-2018: Christina Dimarino (Virginia Tech) 2013-2016: Katherine Kim (Univ. of Illinois) |
Women in Engineering (WiE) Chair*** | 2021-2023: Lauren Kegley (Wolfspeed) 2019-2020: Katherine Kim (Ulsan Natl. Inst. of Sci. and Tech.) 2013-2018: Maryam Saeedifard (Purdue Univ.) 2011-2012: Ferdinanda Ponci (RWTH Aachen Univ.) |
Young Professionals Membership Chair | 2023: Nayara Brandao de Freitas (Siemens Energy) 2021-2022: Harish Krishnamoorthy (Univ. of Houston) 2019-2020: Somasundaram Essakiappan (Univ. of North Carolina) 2015-2018: Linxiao Xue (Navitas Semiconductor) 2013-2014: Pradeep Shenoy (Texas Instruments) |
Editors in Chief
Publication Name | Years: Name (Affiliation) |
Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics (JESTPE) | 2022-2023: Tsorng-Juu (Peter) Liang (Natl. Cheng Kung Univ.) 2019-2021: Olorunfemi (Joseph) Ojo (Tennessee Tech) 2015-2018: Don Tan (Northrop Grumman Aerospace Systems) |
Open Journal of Power Electronics (OJPEL) | 2019-2023: Alan Mantooth (Univ. of Arkansas) |
Power Electronics Letters (TPEL-Letters) | 2023: Xiongfei Wang (KTH Royal Inst. of Tech.) 2019-2022: Yunwei (Ryan) Li (Univ. of Alberta) 2015-2018: Henry Shu-Hung Chung (City Univ. of Hong Kong) 2011-2014: Jian Sun (Rensselar Polytechnic Inst.) |
Power Electronics Magazine (PEM) | 2015-2023: Ashok Bindra (Independent Writing and Editing Professional) |
Transactions on Power Electronics (TPEL) | 2019-2023: Yaow-Ming Chen (Natl. Taiwan Univ.) 2013-2018: Brad Lehman (Northeastern Univ.) 2011-2012: Frede Blaabjerg (Aalborg Univ.) 1986: Thomas A. Lipo (Univ. of Wisconsin) |
Transactions on Transportation Electrification (TTE) | 2023: Fei Gao (Univ. of Tech. of Belfort-Montbeliard) 2021-2022: Mahesh Krishnamurthy (Illinois Inst. of Tech.) 2015-2020: Ali Emadi (McMaster Univ.) |
Liaisons
Liaison Name | Years: Name (Affiliation) |
Industry Applications Society (IAS) | 2011-2023: Enrico Santi (Univ. of South Carolina) |
Industrial Electronics Society (IES) | 2019-2023: Marco Liserre (Christian-Albrechts-Universitat zu Kiel) 2015-2018: Pat Wheeler (Univ. of Nottingham) 2011-2014: D. Grahame Holmes (RMIT Univ.) |
Power and Energy Society (PES) | 2022-2023: Xiongfei Wang (Aalborg Univ.) 2017-2020: Johan Enslin (Clemson Univ.) 2011-2016: Ronald Harley (Georgia Tech) |
Power Sources Manufacturers Association (PSMA) | 2015-2023: Cian O Mathuna (Tyndall Natl. Inst.) 2013-2014: Chuck Mullet (ON Semiconductor) |
Smart Grid | 2022-2023: Antonello Monti (Aachen Univ.) 2017-2020: Qing-Chang Zhong (Illinois Inst. of Tech.) 2015-2016: Johan Enslin (Univ. of North Carolina) |
Systems Council Representative | 2017-2023: Ernie Parker (Crane Aerospace and Electronics) |
Transportation Electrification Community | 2022-2023: Peter Wilson (Univ. of Bath) |
Regional Chairs
North America Region (R1-7) | |
Position | Years: Name (Affiliation) [Region(s)] |
Chairs | 2021-2023: Brian Zahnstecher (PowerRox) [R1-3], Kalyan Sen (Sen Engineering Solutions, Inc.) [R4-6], Ali Nabavi (Univ. of Toronto) [R7] 2017-2020: Pradeep Shenoy (Texas Instruments) [R4-6] 2015-2016: Pradeep Shenoy (Texas Instruments) [R1-7] 2011-2012: Fang Zheng Peng (Michigan State Univ.) [R1-7] |
Vice-Chairs | 2019-2020: Kalyan Sen (acting) (Sen Engineering Solutions, Inc.) [R1-3, R7] 2017-2018: Alireza Safaee (Osram Sylvania Lighting Research Center) [R1, R7]; Kalyan Sen (Sen Engineering Solutions, Inc.) [R2-3] |
Europe – Africa Region (R8) | |
Position | Years: Name (Affiliation) |
Chair | 2021-2023: Drazen Dujic (Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne) 2015-2020: Vladimir Katic (Univ. of Novi Sad) 2013-2014: Ralph M. Kennel (Technische Universitaet Muenchen) 2011-2012: Vladimir Katic (Univ. of Novi Sad) |
Vice-Chair: Italy | 2017-2022: Fabio Crescimbini (Roma Tre Univ.) |
Vice-Chair: UK | 2023: Tao Yang (Univ. of Nottingham) 2019-2022: Jun Liang (Cardiff Univ.) |
South America Region (R9) | |
Position | Years: Name (Affiliation) |
Chair | 2023: Luiz Henrique Silva Colado Barreto (Oak Ridge Natl. Lab.) 2013-2022: Joao Pinto (Federal Univ. of Mato Grosso do Sul) 2011-2012: Edison Da Silvia (UFGG) |
Vice-Chair: Chile | 2017-2023: Marco Rivera (Universidad de Talca) |
Asia Pacific Region (R10) | |
Position | Years: Name (Affiliation) |
Chair | 2019-2023: Sanjib K. Panda (Natl. Univ. of Singapore) 2017-2018: Jinjun Liu (Xi’an Jiaotong Univ.) 2011-2012: Jinjun Liu (Xi’an Jiaotong Univ.) |
Vice-Chair: Australia and New Zealand | 2021-2023: Mahinda Vilathgamuwa (Queensland Univ. of Tech.) 2017-2020: Udaya Madawala (Univ. of Auckland) |
Vice-Chair: China | 2021-2023: Kai Sun 2017-2020: Zhengming Zhao (Tsinghua Univ.) 2013-2014: Jinjun Liu (Xi’an Jiaotong Univ.) |
Vice-Chair: India-Pacific | 2021-2023: Srinivas Karanki (India Inst. of Tech. Bhubaneswar) 2013-2018: Sanjib K. Panda (Natl. Univ. of Singapore) |
Vice-Chair: Japan | 2023: Shinzo Tamai (Toshiba Mitsubishi-Electric Industrial Systems Corp.) 2015-2022: Toshihisa Shimizu (Tokyo Metropolitan Univ.) |
Vice-Chair: Korea | 2019-2023: Honnyong Cha (Kyungpook Natl. Univ.) 2015-2018: Sewan Choi (Seoul Natl. Univ. of Sci. and Tech. |
IEEE PELS Office
Position | Years: Name (Affiliation) |
Executive Director | 2013-2023: Mike Kelly (IEEE) |
Program Manager | 2019-2022: Alicia Tomaszewski (IEEE) 2019-2023: Jane Celusak (IEEE) |
Program Specialist | 2019-2023: Megan Cichocki (IEEE) 2015-2023: Becky Boresen (IEEE) 2013-2014: Michael Markowycz (IEEE) 2011-2016: Donna Florek (IEEE) 2011-2012: Thomas Monaco (IEEE) 2011-2012: Jo-Ellen Snyder (IEEE) |
Publications Administrator | 2021-2023: Mary Beth Schwartz (IEEE) 2020-2023: Jessica Uherek (IEEE) 2019-2021: Lindsay Sorensen (IEEE) |
WebMaster | 2011-2016: Grant Pitel (Magna Power Electronics) 2011-2012: Thomas Monaco (IEEE) |